Project
CITADELLE HENRY
Preserving an icon of Haitian independence
- WMF Program:Field Project, Training
- Keywords:fortresses, UNESCO World Heritage Site, vocational training
- Site Types:Military, Public Architecture
The Citadelle Henry in northern Haiti was constructed between 1806 and 1820, during the reign of Henry Christophe, a leader of the successful slave rebellion that led to independence from France, and self-appointed president of the “State of Haiti.”
The previous ruler, Jean-Jacques Dessallines, also active in the Revolution, commissioned the fortress as part of a system of defensive fortifications throughout Haiti to protect the island from French retaliation. Perched at 3,000 feet (910 meters), the Citadelle Henry was the keystone of this network.
The 108,000-square-foot (10,000-square-meter) complex was designed to house up to 5,000 people for one year, and is the largest fortress in the Western Hemisphere. The feared French attack never came, and the citadel was eventually abandoned.
The Citadelle Henry, never attacked by the French, was nonetheless badly damaged by heavy rainfall. WMF focused much of its efforts on protecting the structure from further water infiltration. To begin, the conservators concentrated their efforts on the iconic pentagonal turret whose massive 175-foot (53-meter) promontory and pointed lower rampart command the approach to the citadel. The roof that protected this integral part of the fortress from water damage had eroded, so the team framed a new roof of corrugated aluminum over wooden joists.
Next, the team spent a year and a half planning the framing and roofing for the superstructure that was designed to protect the upper ramparts of the citadel. In order to ensure the stability and longevity of the new roofs, the team had to reconstruct the upper portions of the citadel’s walls. During the process, UNESCO worked with the World Monuments Fund to provide a French expert in 19th-century building techniques and conservation to train members of the local Haitian community.
After Henry Christophe’s death in 1820, the massive fortresses remained an enduring icon of Haitian independence. The conservation project has ensured that this towering structure will survive as a record of Haitian national history. The local Haitian participants actively took part in resurrecting their national icon while learning historic building techniques.
After the conservation was complete, an award-winning documentary chronicling the monument and its conservation, along with an exhibition touring Haiti and the U.S., helped garner greater understanding about the importance of preserving Haitian cultural icons such as this.
Gingerbread Damage Survey Database
Mission to Santo Domingo and Jacmel
Earthquake in Haiti Field Dispatch
Gingerbreads,histoire et typologies (Bulletin de l’ISPAN, June 2011)













